Insomnia free essay sample

An investigation of the different reasons for and treatment for a sleeping disorder. This paper examines the various types of a sleeping disorder transient, intense and constant. It talks about the numerous potential causes, including: physical (muscle torment, cerebral pain, nasal blockage, diet, heat, cold), mental and passionate (sadness, stress, nervousness) and the likely impacts diminished effectiveness and profitability , expanded truancy and dangers of mishaps. The paper likewise proposes solutions for this condition: natural and homeopathic cures, yoga, regular prescription antihistamines, narcotics. The essayist asserts that a definitive way to deal with interminable a sleeping disorder exists in the individual and his comprehension of himself. Essential a sleeping disorder is characterized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as the trouble of starting or keeping up rest or rest of the non-helpful sort for in any event a month.(Espie 2002) Insomnia is transient when it endures just for a couple of days to half a month, as when some impermanent occasion or state of being is capable, for example, a disease, changes in dozing condition, work or family stress or fly slack. We will compose a custom article test on A sleeping disorder or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The reason or causes will pass or can be discarded straightforwardly But when the turmoil happens between a month and a half year, it is called intense a sleeping disorder, and past a half year, it is constant. This sort is recognized from the psychophysiologic a sleeping disorder in attentiveness, the circadian mood issue in time arrangement, the parasomnias and auxiliary sleeping disorders. A sleeping disorder that is beyond what transient can't be viably killed or cured quickly or on a superficial level. The basic underlying driver must be found and managed straightforwardly. This is on the grounds that the bodys ordinary rest design is upset when rest gets troublesome or missing for over a month, and the body acclimates to this new and sporadic or poor example. Narcotics or some different methodologies may address and quiet the indications, yet the restlessness will reemerge just until the genuine reason is found and disposed of. Interminable a sleeping disorder is characterized as the abstract understanding of a deficient amount or nature of rest that has endured for at any rate one month. (qtd in Rajput Oct 1 1999: 1)

Carbohydrates Are Present In Sugars, Starch, Acids, And In Many Other

Starches are available in sugars, starch, acids, and in numerous different supplements that comprise components of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Having a proportion of 1: 2: 1 or composed as CH20. A monosaccharide meaning monomer of sugar is a basic starch. Containing spine of five carbon particles that are available in ribose and deoxyribose, segments of RNA and DNA. Glucose a six carbon iota that is regular cellulose, starch, and glycogen are named polysaccharide, Known as a mind boggling starch, with straight or stretched chains of many sugar monomers. These classes of starches are tried in two research center analyses. It will permit us (my accomplice and I) to recognize the nearness of sugar or starch. The principal test, utilizing two unique answers for uncover the nearness of sugar or starch by shading modification. I guess that the two examples of the examination will result diversely so as to seek after the following test. The subsequent test comprises of 9 food things, dist inguishing the presence of sugar or starch. I surmise in recognizing 75% out of the 9 things right. Directing the two investigations will test my speculations either right or wrong. The main examination on basic and complex sugars, a few instruments and fluids were gotten: two test tubes, spot plate, test tube holder, benedicts reagent, lugol's iodine, 10% karo syrup arrangement, 1% starch arrangement. In a test tube (holding it with a test tube holder,) my accomplice fills 1 cm from the base of 10% karo syrup arrangement. With the benedicts reagent I tenderly include four drops, at that point immediately positioned the cylinder in 98 degrees of bubbling water, at 3:17p.m. While hanging tight for 3 minutes, we saw that before setting the cylinder in the bubbling water, the benedict reagent in the 10% karo syrup was blue. Subsequent to warming, we saw at 3:20 p.m. that the benedict arrangement initiated and turned yellow. Which implied that sugar (straightforward starch) was available in the karo syrup. An alternate technique was directed to test starch. Utilizing a spot plate, 1% of starch (around 4 drops) was set into the well spot. At that point two drops of l ugols iodine was included. It created a dull purple shading with prompt contact with the iodine. The outcomes for this examination implied that lugols iodine would test purple, positive for complex sugar and yellow for straightforward starches. The two examples of the analysis came about contrastingly concurring with my speculations. With the shading change of benedict reagent and lugols iodine, my accomplice and I was prepared to test sugar and starch on the 9 food things. Realize will test the 9 things, to state climate starch or sugar is available. I made an expectation that 75% of the things would be distinguished accurately. The trial comprise of: squeezed apple, potato juice, salt water, heating powder arrangement, preparing soft drink arrangement, ozorka enhanced water, powdered sugar arrangement, obviously Canadian seasoned water, vinegar, benedicts reagent, lugols iodine, wax pencil, and 18 test tubes. My accomplice numbered the test tubes, having two sets from 1 through 9. He filled one set while I filled the other, both with food arrangement around, 1 cm from the base of the test tubes. In the wake of filling the cylinders, we put 5 drops of benedicts reagent on one set, at that point setting them in bubbling water at around 98 degrees for five minutes (3:40 p.m.). Inside the five minutes, I put three drops of lugols iodine on the subsequent set (3:42 p.m.). We shook the cylinders, at that point resting them for 3 minutes. At 3:45 p.m., my ac complice took out the benedict set, and we began to record our outcome as we likewise recorded the lugols iodine. We both had astounding yields; I came about on having 6 things precisely right out of the 9. Preparing soft drink arrangement and vinegar bombed both the benedict and lugols iodine liquids, seeming negative outcomes for sugar and starch. I anticipated that Salt water would show starch consequently it seemed negative. Vinegar has an acidic components, that are normally aged by which bacterium (prokaryotic) experience, an anaerobic cycle. Heating soft drink is a sodium bicarbonate, it is normally happening as a mineral called torna. It discharges more OH , which it has a pH over 7. Salt is a sodium chloride, too

New Student Series Part 8 Neelanjana Gupta COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Series Part 8 Neelanjana Gupta COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Neelanjana Gupta is the  newest  edition to the Class of 2017. Neelanjana  double majored in economics and international studies at Brandeis University in  Massachusetts. After graduation, she went back home to India to work as a policy analyst at Jana Urban Foundation, a think tank tied to one of the  largest  urban microfinance organizations in India. At SIPA, she hopes to learn even more about finding solutions to issues  plaguing  the development world, including helping young girls earn an education. Everybody, welcome Neelanjana to the class! Full Name: Neelanjana Gupta Program: Master of International Affairs Concentration: Economic and Political Development Specialization: Advanced Policy and Economic Analysis Anticipated Graduation Year:  2017 Hometown: New Delhi, India Undergraduate university, major and graduation year: Brandeis University (Waltham, MA), Double Major: Economics and International Global Studies (sp. Global Economy), 2013+                                       What’s your professional background? Soon after graduating from Brandeis, I discovered my first real-world work opportunity back home in India itself (a logical setting, after all). I worked as a Policy Analyst at Jana Urban Foundation (JUF), an urban-inclusion think tank and sister concern of Janalakshmi Financial Services Pvt. Ltd, the largest urban microfinance organization in India. At JUF, I conducted field investigations, carried out quantitative and qualitative social-science research, and did advocacy work with the Central and State government agencies. I was also involved in several policy-related projects that impact the lives of poor households in urban India. Did you apply to SIPA to change careers or to gain experience in a career path you already have experience in? My time at Jana has opened for me a big window to reach out to the masses and understand the true causes of their deprivation and misery; I have been able to unravel a lot. However, I have yet to acquire an in-depth knowledge of the subject that can help me in working towards finding scalable and sustainable solutions to the problems of the developing world. I am confident that SIPA will equip me with exceptional quantitative and qualitative skills that I need to enhance my analytical competency. What was your reaction when you found out you were accepted to SIPA? I cried in disbelief! I was speechless and could not breath for a few seconds. The animated streamers that showed up on the computer screen sent the message loud and clear: it was time for celebration. I am grateful to God and to my parents. An Ivy League education was my father’s dream, and the fact that it is happening now is surreal for me. Why did you say yes to SIPA? Since the day I realized that I want to pursue a career in the field of development and policy-making, SIPA [has been]  my dream school.  After receiving my acceptance letter, I never saw things turning any other way. My heart was with SIPA.   What do you most look forward to as a graduate student at SIPA? Engaging in dialogue with world-class faculty, making friends from countries all over the world, being in a city that has become the hub for international development work and organizations, and living in New York City. Do you have any apprehensions about starting graduate school? I have spent a good 4 years in the US during my undergraduate studies, so I am feeling confident and excited to return to the environment. I am looking forward to the entire experience of living [in] the great city of New York! In the same breath, I would like to extend help to my fellow classmates (especially from abroad)please do reach out if you need pointers on housing, etc. I understand that culture shock can be nerve wrecking for many of us, so don’t hesitate and do get in touch. What are your goals after SIPA? In a few years time, I see myself working in the field of development, more specifically for the cause of children and women. If you could change one small thing about your community, country or the world, what would it be? I have always believed that the much of the backwardness of communities in poor countries (and countries like my own) is [due]  to gender discrimination against women and [young girls]  in the field of education. I wish to change the way [young girls  are]  treated in India and other underdeveloped and developing countries worldwide. I feel confident that the education and exposure at SIPA will equip me with the skills I need to empower the lives of underserved women throughout the world. Tell us something interesting about yourself: My name is a portmanteau, a linguistic blend of my parents’ names. If youd like to participate in the series, please email us at sipa_new@columbia.edu  to share your personal admissions story,  what your summer vacation will entail/did entail, or anything else you think your peers would enjoy reading about! You may submit a blog post of your choosing, or submit the  New Student Survey with pre-populated questions to get you started. And don’t forget  to submit  a photo or two to help us visualize your story! (And if you send along your social media usernamese.g. Twitter and Instagramwell tag you when its live.)

Teenage Pregnancy Is A Vicious Cycle - 1556 Words

Skylynn Cavalli Brussin English 101 29 June, 2015 Baby Proofing Our Youth According to the Arizona Department of Health Services 8,715 teenagers 19 years old or less were impregnated in 2013. 2,385 of these pregnancies were contributed by teens ranging in ages 15 through 17 years old, in which 1,985 resulted in live births. Meaning, only 400 out of 2,385 of our little sisters, daughters, nieces, and even best friends weren’t able to successfully bring a child into our world. Teen pregnancy is a growing occurrence in the U.S., through educating and making sure the public has what it needs to prevent teen parenthood we can improve the state of Arizona, as well as do our part for the country. Teen pregnancy is a vicious cycle that negatively impacts both the economy and society around it. Impregnated teens often must resort to dropping out of school to care for their child; out of the total number of high school dropouts, a third report parenthood as their reason (Tara Culp-Ressler). By the time the teen mothers are 22, only 50% of them have received a high school diploma, and an even lower percentage has completed a 2-4 year college program (youth.gov). As a result there is a drop in education rates amongst the Arizona public. This hinders the jobs available to state residents and ultimately hurts the economy, affecting the majority of the population. As a result, more people ultimately contribute toward a society unprepared for future careers setting our state and countryShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Sex Education1613 Words   |  7 Pageswhy students in the United States need a more comprehensive sex education class in their curriculums in school for the following reasons: higher rates of pregnancy in teenagers, higher rates of contracting sexually transmitted dise ases, and the negative aspects of the aftermath of teenage childbirth. My first area of discussion is teenage pregnancy due to inadequate sex education programs in school. We can safely assume there aren’t any human beings ages 12 to 17 in this world who are ready, mentallyRead MoreEssay on Teen Pregnancy1404 Words   |  6 PagesTeen Pregnancy Children from homes run by teenage mothers have to face almost insurmountable obstacles in life. The incidents of depression and mental health problems, the lack of father figures, and the high rate of poverty often connected to children in homes run by teenage mothers put them at serious disadvantages when compared to children raised in nuclear families. Many people believe that the implementation of sex education in schools and the addition of more federal aid for single parentsRead More The Effects of Teen Pregnancy on Children Essay1147 Words   |  5 Pagesmany obstacles for children of teenage mothers to face. These children have serious disadvantages in contrast to those children who come from nuclear families. Often they lack a father figure, have a high poverty rate, and there are incidents of depression and mental health problems. Many people are blaming the sex education programs in schools and the additional federal aid being offered to single parents as major causes for the country’s high rate of teen pregnancies (Carole). Although, the realRead MoreThe Effects of Teen Pregnancy on Children1555 Words   |  7 PagesChildren from homes run by teenage mothers have to face almost insurmountable obstacles in life. The incidents of depression and mental health problems, the lack of father figures, and the high rate of poverty often connected to children in homes run by teenage mothers put them at serious disadvantages when compared to children raised in nuclear families. Many people believe that the implementation of sex education in schools and the addition of more federal aid for single parents are major causesRead MoreCan Single-Parent Households Influence Adolescents To Become Abusers?1099 Words   |  5 Pagesare expected to experience domestic violence in their lives. Rather than having the balance of a two-parent home, single-parented adolescents are constantly exposed to stressors and ultimately become abusers themselves. This le ads to a vicious and continuous cycle that could lead to the destruction of generations thereafter. The trend of single-parent households are drastically increasing every year. The United States Census Bureau reported in 2013 that about 27.8 percent of children lived in aRead MoreCauses Of Teen Pregnancy978 Words   |  4 PagesSome reasons of Teen pregnancy are absent parenting, lack of knowledge, substance abuse, living in poverty and peer pressure. The number of teens between the ages of 14-19 has substantially decreased over the last few years. While it may be declining, we still need to look at the causes. While examining the causes of teen pregnancy, we can find new methods of preventing teen pregnancy. If there are different methods identified for preventing teen pregnancy than the number of teens can go down moreRead MoreDoes Household Structure Cause a Child to Become a Violent Individual?1629 Words   |  7 Pagesand are expected to experience domestic violence in their lives. Rather than having the balance of a two-parent home, single-parented children are constantly exposed to stress and ultimately become abusers themselves. This leads to a vicious and continuous cycle that could lead to the destruction of generations thereafter. The trend of single-parent households are drastically increasing every year. One out of every two children will live with a single-parent at some time before they reach theRead MoreChild Marriage Is A Violation Of Basic Human Rights Essay1513 Words   |  7 Pageshuman rights to education, health, freedom and safety. On the other hand, child marriage exposes girls to infectious diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, high incidence of maternal mortality and morbidity, low life expectancy, inter-generational cycle of violence and all forms of discrimination. To be specific, first, being neither physically nor psychologically prepared for becoming wives, they will suffer from considerable physical pain and disabilities during continuous forced sexual intercoursesRead MoreSeveral Cases of Violence Against Children1030 Words   |  5 Pagesuncertain about their roles, and may be frustrated by the constant demands of caretaking. They also contend that babies born in the U.S. to teenage mothers are at risk for long-term problems in many major areas of life, including school failure, poverty, and physical or mental illness. In accordance with social learning theory, I believe that many young teenage girls have these babies because it has become a trend. I remember at one time being pregnant and an unwed mother was looked upon as shamefulRead MorePrevention versus Treatment of Chronic Illnesses and Childhood Mental Illness665 Words   |  3 Pagesactually measure a rate of return on health/mental health). He writes: Early interventions can improve cognitive as well as socio-emotional skills. They promote schooling, reduce crime, foster workforce productivity, and reduce teenage pregnancy. And they have much greater economic and social impact than the later interventions that are the focus of conventional public policy debate... (p. 15) Where several of our Community Mental Health Agencies have received prevention and early intervention

Changes That The Cold War Have Brought - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2659 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/04 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Cold War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? Beginning after World War II in 1947 and ending with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, The Cold War was a war over true freedom and power. While the Soviet Union spread their communist ideas around, the United Sates fought on the side of capitalism. Give Me Liberty states Among other things, the Cold War was an ideological struggle, a battle, in a popular phrase of the 1950s, for the hearts and minds of people throughout the world. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Changes That The Cold War Have Brought" essay for you Create order The Cold War was a major defining moment for the world but mostly the United States. Following the war, America became the superpower it intended to be. Yes, the United States did win the Cold War because the war and its link to freedom changed the way America looked at freedom. This redefinition of freedom caused a rise in the fight for human rights, the civil rights movement and new revolutions that reshaped America to be what it is today. The Cold War did not end in a fair fight but in the ending of the Soviet Union due to their financial inabilities. The United States was and still are against communism and ultimately the war was one of communism vs capitalism. America became a superpower over the other countries in the world, but the war woke up something in the American Society. During the Cold War, America was split between communists and capitalists. This split put emphasis on the freedom of speech and freedom of idea. During the 1950s, freedom became an inescapable theme of academic research, popular journalism, mass culture, and official pronouncements. (Foner). Both parties in the war claimed to be fighting for freedom and social justices. President Truman created the Truman Doctrine, persuaded democrats and republicans to support his policy, making it known that the United States was the leader of the free-world, and as the leader it is its job to support freedom-loving people. He believed communists were a threat to that. The Anticommunists Crusade began in America showing its divide. Anticommunist movies like The Red Menace and I Married a Communist were made, and movie writers were urged to eliminate the bad parts of American history to persuade America and other countries against communism. Capitalists questioning of Americans loyalty only made Americans speak out more. What do men know of loyalty who make a mockery of the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights? (Commager). With the Anticommunist Crusade happening, people were being threatened with losing their jobs and sent to prison for promoting communism or being believed to be spies through. President Truman launched a loyalty review system, requiring government employees to prove their patriotism. More people lost their jobs than those sent to prison, but most felt this was an act against the founding fathers. The House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) also managed to send what became to be called the Hollywood Ten and 200 others to jail for promoting communism in movies. The aftermath of World War II and the Four Freedoms raised the issue of human rights. Individuals were for the first time, being held accountable for violating human, many being Nazi officials. Violators were placed on trial and even sentenced to prison; some execution. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, drafted by Eleanor Roosevelt and her committee, was approved by the Un General Assembly. This doctrine was written to speak out for the rights that everyone deserved. These rights included freedom of speech, religious toleration, protection against arbitrary government, adequate standard of living and access to housing, education, and medical care. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights stated All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and right. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Some may have felt this doctrine was an empty rhetoric but its principle that how a natio n treats its own citizens should be subject to outside evaluation became the bases of freedom. Blacks and other minorities were speaking out against the inequalities of man prior to the Civil War, but the increased talk of freedom and the rise in the fight for human rights during and after the war birthed a new voice. Prior to the approval of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the NAACP spoke out and filed a petition to the United Nations seeking an investigation into the racism within the United States, a clear violation of human rights. The United Nations did not follow through, but this petition was only the beginning. For decades blacks were the last to benefit from any of the progressive changes in America; if they benefitted at all. From slavery to segregation, blacks faced many facial discriminations. Blacks were given lower wage employment than unskilled workers, subpar access to education, and forced to live in packed ghettos that lacked many necessities for survival. Yet despite the apparent extra effort being made by the poorest districts, they are unable ev en to begin to make the richest districts in terms of the production of revenue. (Marshall). The Golden Age began after the ending of World War II and marked a time of economic expansion, stable prices, low unemployment rates, and a rise in the standard of living. Even southern living progressed from its years of being behind the North. With the Golden Age came higher incomes that brought the ability to afford better living which in turn began the creation of suburban neighborhoods, neighborhoods blacks were not allowed in. Suburbs like the Levittown Suburbs created by William and Alfred Levitt, refused to allow non-whites entry. Urban renewal programs that tore down poor neighborhoods to build retail centers, white-only middle-class housing and universities, displaced tons of residents. While the whites in those areas moved to the suburbs or into white-only housing complexes, blacks were forced to move to other already crowded ghettos or create new ones. Employment discrimination and exclusion from educational opportunities left blacks and other non-whites in unskilled jobs , unable to advance to a better standard of living. Following the end of World War II and throughout the Cold War, there was a civil rights upsurge. The NAACP and civil rights coalitions involving labor, religious groups and back organizations fought for big changes for the black communities all over the country, especially the South. Twenty percent of blacks in the South were registered to vote by 1952. There was also reported to be no lynchings that took place that year in the entire United States. In 1947, the Brooklyn Dodgers challenged the long-standing exclusion of blacks in major league baseball by adding Jackie Robison, who would decades later become a hall of famer, to their team. The success of Jackie Robinson lead to other teams adding black players and the soon demise of the Negro League. That same year, President Truman appointed a Commission on Civil Rights to issue To Secure These Rights, a publishing of the racial inequalities in America. This publishing called out the federal government and demanded they assume the responsibility of ending segregation and ensuring equal treatment in housing, employment, education and the criminal justice system. President Truman also made a great change for blacks when, in July of 1948, he issued an executive order to desegregate the United States Military, making it the largest institution in America to promote racial integration actively. Prominent black leaders like W.E.B Du Bois spoke out against the Civil War but many others and organizations like the NAACP felt that it was in the best interest of blacks to go along and speak out against communism. With the Truman administration actively behind civil rights, blacks were seeing a time of hope and prosperity but laws banning discrimination remained unenforced towards the end of Trumans presidency. The 1952 elections showed blacks how quickly their issues could become nonexistent when the democrats nominated a candidate who could c are less about civil rights. But this was not the end. The rise of what became known as the affluent society, changed American life with new opportunities for whites living in the expanding suburbs. Blacks were again left out, living in declining rural areas of the South and urban ghettos of the North. This prosperity for whites and the continued discrimination for blacks would become the inspiration for the civil rights movement that in turn redefined American freedom. Extreme acts of segregation in America birthed a voice in blacks like Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks and iconic moments in history like the Montgomery Bus Boycotts, that has changed the history of blacks all over and is continuing to change. With segregated public buildings, water fountains and buses, the urban ghettos they were forced to live in, low wages, and subpar schools and educations their children were receiving, blacks were becoming more and more agitated with the land of the free. The NAACP stood behind cases like Brown v. Board of Education, where black parents challenged the unfair school policies. The separate but equal doctrine adopted in Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, has no place in the field of public education. (Brown v. Board of Education). Cases like this one paved the way for the desegregation of schools in America and are the reason why every child can receive the same education as any other child today. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a black woman in Montgomery, Alabama, one of the most racist cities in America, made history when she refused to give up her seat after a long day of work, to a white person. During these times, it was the law for blacks to enter the bus via the back door, sit in the back and give their seats to white riders if there were none left. On this day, Rosa Parks started a 381-day movement. For those 381 days, blacks refused to use public transportation, facing loads of harassment and violence. In November of 1956, the Supreme Court ruled segregation in public transportation unconstitutional, ending the boycott and the segregation of buses. Blacks in the South began to stand up and speak out against segregation more and more. Nonviolent protests following the lead of leaders like Dr. King and his Southern Christian Leadership Conference, began to pop up all over, demanding change. Young activists in Raleigh, North Carolina formed the Student Nonviolent Coord inating Committee (SNCC) in 1960. Black and even some white college students started sit-ins in segregated dinners and in 1961, the Freedom Rides was launched, and integrated groups of college students traveled through the deep south forming sit-ins, protesting the segregation. They were harassed by angry mobs with no police protection. The civil rights movement brought a strength and the young and old who were tired and ready for a change. On August 28, 1963, weeks before the Birmingham church bombing that killed innocent black girls, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. lead the March on Washington and gave his famous I have a Dream speech. Because of these brave induvial, those who followed them and the organizing of protests, the lives of blacks and other minorities drastically changed for the better. The Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964, prohibiting discrimination in employment, institutions like hospitals and schools and privately-owned public places like restaurants, hotels and theaters. Dr. King launched a voting ri ghts campaign in 1965 that lead to the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the 24th Amendment which outlawed poll tax and gave blacks a fair chance at voting. The ending of World War II and the starting of the Cold War also woke up a voice in white Americans all over. Not only were whites facing losing their jobs and even Hollywood fame for even being accused of being disloyal, they were becoming fed up with the government and the way everyone was being treated. The 1950s birthed a new form of thinking for whites in America. A group of thinkers started the task of making changes to conservatism and reclaiming the idea of freedom from liberals. They strongly opposed the idea of a strong national government. We as young conservatives, believe: That foremost among the transcendent values the individuals use of his God-given free will whence derives his right to be free from the restrictions of arbitrary force; (The Sharon Statement, Young Americans for Freedom). Freedom to them, meant individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated capitalism. Insisting that toleration of difference was not offering any substitute in the search of ab solute truth, believed the Free World needed to arm itself morally and intellectually. Writers and socialist started speaking out in their work, concerned with what America really viewed as freedom. An insert by Life magazine suggested that American freedom could be in more danger from the nonuse of it than the threat of communism. The 1950s saw of time where white youth were known as rebels without a cause. All around white teens were forming gangs and wearing leather jackets, dancing to rock n roll and sexual music. People like the poet group, the Beats rejected the materialism of the suburbs and celebrated impulsive action, pleasure through drugs and sexual experimentation. This was only the beginning. By the 1960s, young white Americans were standing up against the government and many were standing with blacks during the civil rights movement. Many did not understand the rise of protesting white college students that began to appear. This sparked what came to be called, the New Left. The New Left was inspired by the civil rights movement, especially the sit-ins. Young whites felt it was their duty to stand up for what was right and fight for true freedom in the world. They mostly stood up against poverty and the war. Books like The Other America and The Death and Life of Great American Cities showed the sid e of America they didnt glorify and criticized urban renewal and the destruction of neighborhoods to build highways. Groups like Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) formed in the 60s as a voice for the people. Although feminism seemed to disappear after the baby boom, women once again arose and spoke out. The reawakening of the feminist movement began with the publication of Betty Friedans 1963 The Feminine Mystique. Her book emphasized that women are more than being wives and mothers and the world needed to get with the program. Women started waking up again and fighting for their rights. In 1963, the Equal Pay Act was passed, ending sex discrimination between men and women who work the same jobs. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 also prohibited discrimination based on sex. The National Organization for Women (NOW) was formed in 1966, demanding equal opportunities for women in all walks of life. Young women were starting to embrace the civil rights movement and ideologies of organizations like the SDS and SNCC. By 1967, conscious groups were being formed by women all over that focused on their dissatisfaction with the state of women in America. By appealing to conscience and standing on the m oral nature of human existence, nonviolence nurtures the atmosphere in which reconciliation and justice become actual possibilities. (Committee). Protests like the one at the 1968 Miss America beauty pageant, gave a new voice for what has come to be known as new feminism. The Cold War may have been a war of capitalism vs. communism, but it also brought about a change in the world that we see today. America saw a major change that would only continue to make it a superpower. Although it ended because of the financial inabilities of the Soviet Union, the United States still won the Cold War because it faced a change that birthed a new meaning to freedom. This new meaning of freedom sparked a voice in Americans that changed human rights, created the civil rights movement, and woke up a voice in young white men and women that soon changed the meaning of equality for all. Human rights played a prominent role in world affairs after the Cold War and continues to play such role today.

Effects of Stress on Grades Free Essays

Students at universities worldwide oftentimes find stress to be a part of everyday life. Stress is defined as the way one responds to the changes and demands of life either emotionally, physically, or mentally. Stress is registered in one’s â€Å"fight or flight† response. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Stress on Grades or any similar topic only for you Order Now When an exciting or dangerous event occurs changes take place in the body to prepare the person to deal with the stressful situation. After the stressful situation has subsided the body returns to a normal state. The constant stress of being a college student does not allow the body to return to a normal state so a student may never be able to fully relax. This can lead to stress overload (Bower, 2010). Many factors can affect a student’s academic performance and grades. The National College Health Assessment of 2004 shows that the most significant impediment to effective listening, retaining information, and studying is stress. Stress is noted to be the number one cause of poor academic functioning in a student above other problems like depression, illness, eating disorders, death of a family member, and even sexual assault. The study reviewed 47,202 college students and 32. 4% listed stress as the number one barrier to schoolwork (Temple, 2006). Many college students have multiple stressors. Most are taking multiple classes, working full-time jobs, have family members to take care of, are working long hours at unpaid internship sites, or any combination of these. Many college students must deal with the stress of just leaving home and no longer benefiting from familial support. Relationship problems may begin to develop between the student and the friends, families, or significant others that have been left at home. This overload of responsibility and worry can lead to a lack of sleep and improper nutrition, which can cause difficulty in school (Bower, 2010). Proper nutrition may become a problem for a student because he or she may be unable to grocery shop on a regular basis. Other problems with nutrition occur because a student who is living in a dormitory may be unable to cook proper meals and unable to store large quantities of food. Some students new to living without parents may not have the knowledge to cook a decent meal. Others simply do not have the time to eat properly. Without proper nutrition the brain does not function properly and the student may have difficulty concentrating on schoolwork (Womble, 2002). Maintaining employment while attending college can also be a source of stress. This stress may come from working long hours that can make the student too tired to focus on his or her studies or working long hours may lead to attendance problems at school. Mentally focusing on both work life and school life can be exhausting for a student and can lead to increased amounts of stress. The number of hours a student spends at work can be directly related to that student’s grade point average (GPA) because the more time a student spends at work, the less time that student can spend studying (Womble, 2002). Sleep, or lack of, is the most important factor on a student’s GPA. Many college students do not sleep enough during the week to properly rest the body and mind. Lack of sleep has been shown to increase anxiety and stress. Simple sleep patterns like waking earlier during the weekdays than on the weekends have also been shown to affect the GPA of a student (Womble, 2002). Not all college students complain of experiencing stress, many do. Although some stress is good for a person and may be energizing or motivating, it is important for a person to recognize and be able to manage bad stress before it spirals out of control and has a negative effect. Coping mechanisms are important for anyone but may prove to be more so for a college student. Coping mechanisms include sleeping enough, spending time doing fun activities, relaxing, and practicing time management. Developing ones communication, writing, and test taking skills is important to reduce stress. Engaging in physical activity, reading a book that is not school related, or getting a massage are ways to reduce stress and relax. Daily use of a planner to track assignment due dates and upcoming project deadlines is useful for staying on track with studies (Bower, 2010). Coping mechanisms come from within, from something called personality hardiness. The idea of personality hardiness first came to be with regard to protecting business executives from the health effects of stress. This concept involves having a sense of control and commitment. Commitment means that a person can view the world as a meaningful place and he or she seeks to be involved in the world rather than withdrawn from it. Control shows that a person believes he or she can influence events that take place in his or her world. Personality hardiness means that a person may not feel threatened by changes to his or her environment. Theoretically, a student with personality hardiness should be able to adapt to the changes that come with enrollment in school, taking multiple classes, maintaining employment, and family obligations without stress overload. The result should mean that a student takes on the new challenges with less stress and instead turns the stressful events into opportunities for growth and personal development (Hystad, Eid, Laberg, Johnsen, Bartone, 2009). Two studies have been performed by Lifton and colleagues. These studies assessed the personality hardiness of individuals throughout the college years. These studies had newly arriving college students complete hardiness measures and found a positive interrelationship between persistence and the student’s graduation date four years later. The hardiness scores among those who did not complete four years of college were lower than those who did not drop out. The scores on the hardiness exams were not directly related to scores on entrance exams or high academic ability. Personality hardiness is not based on a person’s academic ability but rather a person’s attitude or the manner in which he or she approaches life’s challenges (Hystad et al. , 2009). Though the information contained in the numerous studies that have been done regarding stress and the college student’s ability to achieve a decent GPA is helpful to understanding stress and how it affects different people there are always exceptions to every rule. Although it is true that every person handles stressful situations in his or her own unique way there are many resources available to help a college student achieve passing grades regardless of the stress factor. At the same time, there are many choices a college student makes that adds to the amount of stress he or she carries in everyday life. Many times when a college student is sleep deprived it is that he or she has made the choice to be sleep deprived. Staying up all night partying is common among college students as going off to college may be the first time the student has had the opportunity to do so and many consider it to be a bonding experience or a way to make friends in a new place. Grabbing a less than stellar meal from the nearest fast food joint or having a pizza delivered is oftentimes a choice that a student makes rather than a necessity. Eating a meal like this is easier than shopping for a meal, cooking a meal, and cleaning up after a meal. Eating on the run may also be what â€Å"all of the other kids are doing† and again it is a way to fit in. Whereas it is true that some students must maintain employment while attending school this may not have to be the stressor that it often is. Time management skills can come in handy when trying to juggle work and school. Taking time to relax is one of the most important and effective ways of reducing stress. This can; however, oftentimes be misconstrued and taken out of context. One of the worst, and most common, pastimes college students use to relax is drinking alcoholic beverages. Binge drinking can be very detrimental to schoolwork as this can do away with a person’s judgment skills, time management skills, and a person’s healthy well-being. Research shows that binge drinking affects approximately 50% of college students (Stunn, n. d. ). Binge drinking can lead to missing classes because the student may be to hung-over to attend or if the student does manage to attend the mind and body may not be functioning at full capacity and may lead to an inability to concentrate and retain information. When this kind of drinking is done night after night it can lead to many absences or missed assignments, which can compound a student’s stress level by having to make up the work or complete the work in a shorter time with little to no instruction This information would be recommended to others in the class because as students stress will be an important factor during not only college years but also in future years as well. It is important that as an individual a person has coping mechanisms to deal with stress to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Research done on the topic of how stress can negatively affect a student’s GPA is important in learning how to better deal with the stressors in one’s life to overcome barriers and achieve the goals he or she has set. Enrolling in college is a big step in which nobody intentionally sets up to fail. Whereas there are many changes that a college student must adapt to there are an equal number of services both on campus and off that will help a student overcome the barriers to effective learning and to become a better student despite the changes in life. Learning ways to manage time, learning to make choices that will facilitate not only a healthy relationship with peers but also a healthy lifestyle, and learning to cope with the sometimes daily changes in life is part of growing up and moving into the adult world. How to cite Effects of Stress on Grades, Essay examples

Effect on America free essay sample

The first klan had lead up to the effects of the 1920s. The KKK had a tumultious start, and it had a major effect on America in the 1920s. The first klan began in Tennessee, by six Confederate Army Officers, in the winter of 1865. Ku klux Klan rose about four million and spread from the South into the Midwest region and Northern states and even into Canada. The name of the Ku Klux Klan is â€Å"derived from the Grrek word kyklos, meaning circle† (Wikimedia Foundation). ‘Klan was added for the purpose of alliteration† (â€Å"Ku Klux Klan†). The infamous burning-cross icon became a symbol of the KKK in the 1920’s, which was one of many tactics used for intimidation. Perhaps the most distinguishing characteristic of Klan members were the white robes they wore along with cone shaped hats that covered their faces. These costumes accomplished their goal of making them look more outlandish and terrifying, and for the intimidation of their victims (Smith). We will write a custom essay sample on Effect on America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Klan was pretty selective in accepting members, only WASPs (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants) could become members. These members possessed the ideology of white supremacy to all other races and ethnic divisions, similar to the concept of Neo-Nazism, however they claim to have based their beliefs on Christian values and nativism. It is often thought that the KKK only hated African-Americans, but many other groups acquired hatred from the Klan, such as Jews, Catholics , homosexuals and various immigrant groups. Anti-Defamination League). Even though the stock started to gain their stocks and shares didnt stop the Great Depression from happening (Kelly). Many people wonder why any group of people would posses such a hatred Dubbs 3 for certain groups of people. While there is no legitimate justification, one factor contributing to their hate was the rapid economic progression in the North, and the stagnant economy of the South. This may have been what angered the white southerners so much that they put blame onto the black population, along with leftover racial disputes from the times of slavery (Trueman). People of today also wonder how society could permit such destruction of life, and also support it. Back then, the Klan had many sources of income including membership fees, funds acquired from various events and sales of Klan propaganda, as well as free will donations. â€Å"This income made the Klan’s many forms of media and strategy possible, such as mass mailings, pamphlets and public events and protests. They also did community service projects such as ‘adopt a highway’ programs to make themselves look good in the eyes of their communities† (Anti-Defamanation League). The members of the Ku Klux Klan did everything in their power to prevent the black community from exercising their newly acquired rights, which was often done during massive events. During a typical KKK event, they dressed in robes symbolizing their rank, then went on nighttime raids, during which they would whip and murder blacks and any of their supporters (â€Å"Ku Klux Klan†). These events, unfortunately, were extremely effective. This lack of a political presence is what allowed the Klan to exist for such a long period of time. KKK existed from the initial founding until around 1870, â€Å"when congress passed the KKK act which allowed authorities to end such activities by force and penalize anyone who affiliated with terrorist organizations†.

Year Plan Outline free essay sample

BIO A single father in San has previously served as the C:Chair person for San County Board of Supervisors Policy Council has served in that capacity for the past 3 years. Attending National conferences empowered his Involvement for fathers. Although Deer Jar. His only child residing with him, he also plays a fatherly role to others as well. He was raised partly with his father and then foster care, Drawn has overcome several obstacles; including being a victim of domestic violence, having no resources o turn to for assistance with his disabled child and finally Job loss. A recollect of the Single Father of the Year In 2010; Drawn pushed forward became an advocate first for his child, himself and now other fathers. A graduate from Turmoil High School, Modesto Junior College and university of the Pacific. Dreads worked for several different agencies Including: Schools Inc. , Human Services, Police Department, The us Army and presently Investigations B) Financial hardship hit y business in 2011. We will write a custom essay sample on Year Plan Outline or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After being open since 2007; Clients no longer wanted nor needed investigative or process serving services. I decided to take a parent leadership course in civics and democracy and was motivated to follow up on my passion of law enforcement. After applying for a state investigator job, I was referred over to Tots CERT. program. Upon completing CERT.; my goal is to apply and be employed by ice or any federal agency. 2) Body A) Personal l) hopes of marriage are comingII) Weight loss and healthy lifestyle and making it through year one of marriage. All personal bad habits such as money wasters cease. Ill) Fitness goals achieved. B. Professional l) Be on time to all classes give it 110% functional professional attitude requiring a good stance with my law enforcement Cert.. Applying what Ive learned thus far to everyday life. II) hired by any of the federal law enforcement agencies. Doing this by not taking unnecessary risk within my community.I would also like to begin my book writing on he stages of single parenting with my son as mall subject. C. Financial l) pull credit report; Work on past due debt II) Become debt free Ill) self sufficient from any government assistance can also do It by obtaining good lob within government 3. Conclusion issues. B. No gas for class can be another issue; car pooling with others will likely solve this issue. C. In the end achieving all my goals would likely set me in a great position for success; Keep pushing on.. . Dont sweat small stuff!!!!!

Roald Dahl was a 20th Century writer Essays

Roald Dahl was a 20th Century writer Essays Roald Dahl was a 20th Century writer Paper Roald Dahl was a 20th Century writer Paper Roald Dahl wrote most of his stories for children. This was because he himself didnt have a very pleasant childhood. His childhood affects the outcome of his stories. Roald Dahl also wrote short stories for adults, which sometimes have a twist or they have black humor. Roald Dahl was a 20th Century writer. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was a doctor before becoming a full time writer. Sir Arthur Conan Doyles medical career crops up into his stories, for example, in The Speckled Band, Sherlock Holmes notices that the snake was known as a Swamp Adder and was a deadly poisonous snake. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was a 19th Century. Roald Dahl and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle were writhers of different times and their lives before they were writhers affected how they wrote their stories. The writing of a 19th Century story is very confusing. The sentences are very long and often have to be read twice to understand. For example; a quote from The Speckled Band, shows how long a sentence is The last squire dragged out his existence there, living the horrible life of an aristocratic pauper; but his only son, my stepfather, seeing that he must adopt himself to the new conditions, obtained an advance from a relative, which enabled him to take a medical degree, and went out to Calcutta, where, by his professional skill and his force of character, he established a large practice, this is only one sentence and now in the 21st Century it seems like a paragraph. The vocabulary of the 19th Century is very old and some of the words like pauper, dogcart and frock coat are not commonly used. For people of the 20th Century some of these words are explained at the bottom of the page. In a 19th Century story there is a lot of stereotyping, like in The Speckled band, for example there is a word called gypsies, which in the 19th Century is a name for people who have no homes. They move from one place to another and are faced with suspicion and prejudice. In the 19th Century people didnt have good police service and they also didnt have quick thinking detectives. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle made up man named Sherlock Holmes. The character, Sherlock Holmess was a very good and a very clever detective. Many detectives of the 19th Century did not have scientific knowledge. Sir Arthur Conan Doyles character, Sherlock Holmes, had that scientific knowledge.

Research about Cholera disease Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

About Cholera disease - Research Paper Example The toxin choleragen cause severe diarrhea by disrupting the function of the epithelium of the small intestine. The clinical features of the disease include severe diarrhea which results in loss of body fluids and salts. The persistent diarrhea results in severe dehydration and weakness. The method of diagnosis involves microscopic analysis of feces. The annual incidence of cholera accounts for about 5.5 million worldwide. The annual mortality worldwide is 120 000. The treatment for cholera involves Oral Rehydration Therapy which restores the osmotic balance of the blood and tissue fluids. The only way to prevent cholera infection is to have an access to uncontaminated food and water. (BARUA et al 209-214). Etiology: Cholera is an infectious disease of the small intestine. It is caused by ingesting contaminated food or water, which contains the pathogen Vibrio cholera which is a comma-shaped, motile, Gram negative bacterium. The bacterium produces an enterotoxin which causes rise wat er stools in the individual affected. It can lead to severe dehydration and eventually death if left untreated. The bacterium acts on the intestinal wall to interfere with the flow of sodium and chloride. This flow of the electrolytes causes a misbalance and hence watery diarrhea ensues. Well water, seafood, raw fruits and vegetables along with grains are the possible carriers of the bacterium. The methods of prevention are further highlighted below in the essay (Taylor et al 500-505 ; MayoClinic). Life Cycle: The organism V. cholera has two life cycles – one in the environment and one inside the human body. V. cholera are present in brackish coastal waters and are found attached to copepods (a type of crustacean), as well as chitin-containing shells of crabs, shrimps, and other shellfish. A rise in the temperature of the water creates a favorable environment for the bacterium. The cholera vibrio can also live inside algae, in a dormant state, for years. Sewage tends to encou rage the growth of algae because it contains nutrients. Thus these ‘algal blooms’ also result in the transmission of the disease (MayoClinic). The pathogen multiplies in the intestine, releasing a powerful toxin (CTX) which disrupts the flow of sodium and chloride ions. The disruption of sodium and chloride ions results in diarrhea which causes rapid loss of water, fluids and salts from the body (rice-water stool) (MayoClinic). There are two serogroups of the bacterium, O-group 1 and O-group 139, and it is their toxigenic strains which are known to cause cholera. V. cholera O1 has two biotypes – Classical and El Tor. Each biotype has two serotypes – Inaba and Ogawa. Individuals infected with El Tor, either do not show any symptoms of the disease, or develop only a mild illness. The classical serotype is now only restricted to Bangladesh and India (WHO; CDC). Contaminated standing water, seafood, raw fruits and vegetables and grains like rice and millet may harbor the bacterium especially in developing countries where there is poor sanitation and the provision of clean drinking water is a formidable challenge. The disease can also be spread by vectors like flies when moving from human feces to food. After being infected with the bacterium 25% of the people develop the disease. The rest remain ‘

Managing Human Resources Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Managing Human Resources Master - Essay Example Traditional human resource methods include but are not limited to placing an add in the newspaper or hiring a head hunter. However, neither effort can specify details of their requirements in a cost-effective way. The purchase of a advertisement leaves the employer unable to afford to pack in so much information in a print add. Traditional recruitment methods also have higher costs per hire. This is especially so in the case of head hunters who require a percentage of the annual salary of the candidate whom is ultimately hired. Human Resource recruitment has been argued to be the process of attracting the best qualified individuals or candidate to apply for a job. In business, recruitment involves three stages, identify and define the requirements including the job description, job specifications, attract potential employees and make sure the most appropriate people are retain for a particular position (Poole 1999). Human resource selection process can take place either through internal or external method. According to Poole (1999) internal recruitment and selection refers to the filling of job vacancies from within the business here, existing employees are selected rather than employing someone from outside (Poole 1999). A business might decide that it already has the right people with the right skills to do the job, particularly if its training and development programme has been effective (Poole 1999). Poole (1999) went further to states how internal vacancies are usually advertised within the business via a variety of sources such as Staff notice boards Intranets, in-house magazines etc. This internal selection method has largely been applauded because of its growth opportunity given to internal employees. For example, Osborne, Hyman & Jack (2006) stipulated that internal selection processes, gives existing employees greater opportunity to advance their careers in the business and may help to retain staff who might otherwise leave and assist in a situation of a short induction training period (Osborne, Hyman & Jack 2006). On the other hand, external recruitment and selection processes refer to the filling of job vacancies from outside the business (contrast with internal recruitment). Most businesses engage in external recruitment fairly frequently, particularly those that are growing strongly, or that operate in industries with high staff turnover (Poole 1999, Osborne, Hyman & Jack 2006). Most often, organizations used several ways to look for staff externally. Some used external agencies, some headhunts, while others use job recruitment and student placement fare (Poole 1999). The main advantages with using an agency are the specialist skills they bring and the speed with which they normally provide candidates. They also

Market Entry Into Turkey For Lifeway

Market Entry Into Turkey For Lifeway The term global business is becoming more familiar in the current business context where, more and more small and medium enterprises (SMEs) trying to expand into overseas market. A similar company called Lifeway is a U.S.A. SME, which is rapidly growing in the home market. In 2008, the company was named 49th Fastest Growing Business by an American Magazine, Fortune Small Business (Lifeway, 2008). Given that Lifeway intends to expand into overseas market (outside U.S.A), the Group report requires to provide analysis for the proposed host countrys strategic environment as well as a properly evaluated market entry mode for the company. We used three different analytical tools for analysing host countrys strategic environment that are described below: Hofstedes Model of National Culture Porters Five Forces PEST Analysis We evaluated different Market Entry Modes for Lifeway and selected Exporting as a Market Entry from the following: Licensing Strategic Alliances Foreign Direct Investment Export We selected Turkey as a host country for Lifeway to expand its operations into overseas market. Turkey is one of the largest producers of dairy products in its region as well as the countrys location is of a strategic importance, as its geographical location is connected to both sides of East and the West (Europe). We chose exporting as a market entry for Lifeway to expand into Turkish market. Host country strategic environment analysis It is crucial for Lifeway to critically evaluate Turkeys strategic environment. The strategic environment comprises of various variables such as Government regulation, Countrys financial risks, culture, political stability, economy security risks, competitors, suppliers and technology. Hofstedes Model of National Culture According to this model a countrys cultural values can be implicated with different aspects of the business e.g. Human Resource Management, Leadership Styles, Motivational Assumptions, Decision Making and Organisational Decisions and Strategy (Hofstede Bond, 1988). Power Distance According to Hofstede, Turkey is a comparatively high power distance culture as compare to U.S.A. Organisational structures of companies in Turkey are likely to be tall pyramid with many supervisors and managers. Only top level management has the power to make strategic decisions. The wage difference between superiors and workers is high; management is authoritative and high level education takes precedence over performance. In contrast the opposite is true for the companies and businesses in U.S.A. like Lifeway. Individualism The figure-1 (see p.2) shows clearly a huge difference in both the countrys cultural values in individualism. In collectivist society like Turkey, job selection process for management is usually based on family references. It is also assumed that managerial promotions are based on seniority and age. Conversely in U.S.A. an individualistic society, promotions are based on an individuals ability and qualification rather than age and personal references. Masculinity According to Hofstedes model masculinity in Turkey is low, 45 and high in United States, 62. In most cases Turkish leadership styles emphasise on quality of life rather than work. Moreover organisational structure is small with decision making mainly by groups. This is quite opposite to American society where organisational structure is usually large; emphasis is on achievement, motivation and self reliance. Uncertainty Avoidance There is a high level of uncertainty avoidance in Turkish cultural as compare to American culture. In business perspective, organisations in Turkey would have clear rules, regulations, standardise procedures, formalised structure and risk avoidance. People want job security, are committed to long-term contracts as well as loyal and predictable. It reduces potential employee turnover in the organisations. However organisations and people of U.S.A are willing to take risks, businesses have less regulation and workers have autonomy. Long-Term Orientation There is no data for Turkey; however United States is a short-term oriented society (see figure-1, p.2). In U.S.A., employees are selected on the basis of skills and ability with quick rewards and promotions having less job security unlike long-term oriented societies. Turkey can be classified as a long-term oriented society on the basis of other Hofstedes dimensions. There are a few question marks about Hofstedes cultural dimensions concerning the accuracy of the data. Information found may be contradicting e.g. Turkey, a high uncertainty avoidance culture implicates larger organisations however it is also low in masculinity which implicates smaller organisations. Hence information should be considered as a guideline therefore cultural pa, therefore, stereotyping should be avoided. However it is a good starting point for Lifeway to have an idea of a very diverse culture as compare to its own. Porters Five forces Porters five forces is a widely known strategic business analytical tool which helps managers to understand better the industry context in which the firm operates. Industry competitors There are numerous competitors in the probiotic industry. All of these companies operate internationally as well as in Turkey. This indicates the presence of market within the country. According to a new market research report, Probiotics Market (2009-2014), published by (Marketsandmarkets, 2010), the global probiotics market is expected to be worth US$ 32.6 billion by 2014, with the Europe and Asia accounting for nearly 42% and 30% of the total revenues respectively. The global market is expected to record a CAGR of 12.6% from 2009 to 2014. The following list below mentions Lifeway main competitors. Group Danone: their main probiotic product is Actimel probiotic yoghurt drink containing a unique culture called L.casei Imunitass, which is exclusive to Danone. (Presence in Turkey). Yakult Honsha: they produce a drink called Yakult. Yakult is a fermented milk drink containing lactobacillus casei Shirota Developed by Dr Minoru Shirota, the drink has been around for about 70 years in some form. It was initially only produced in Japan but is now made in Holland for distribution throughout Europe. (presence in Turkey) Nestle Nutrition Nestlà © probiotic products are mainly based on its LC1 brand and include: Ski BioVita: probiotic yoghurt containing LC1 culture. Sveltesse Optimise 0%: a probiotic, fat free, dairy drink containing a probiotic and fibre, available in Strawberry and Pineapple flavours. Munch Bunch Drinky (UK): a yogurt drink designed for children, containing fruit puree and a gentle probiotic for children. It is claimed that the probiotic, lactobacillus fortis, is specially designed for children. (Presence in Turkey) Probiotics Whilst functional drinks still occupy the largest market share (at around 50% of all sales) probiotics (mainly dairy products) and probiotics (comprising mainly dairy products, cereals and baked goods) are the next largest sectors. Across Europe, the probiotic industry accounts for more than à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1.4bn at consumer prices. These figures speak for it, the probiotic drink market has been rising since the year 2000 and the forecast is increasing (RTS Resource Ltd., 2010). Potential Entrants Entry Barriers: The capital cost of entry into the food industry is high especially since it will have to compete with the big name such as Danone, Yakult and also Lifeway Kefir. Substitutes These are some examples of substitutes to probiotic drinks: Probiotic capsules (new trend) Symprove (new probiotic in a non-dairy drink) The level of differentiation for Lifeway products is moderate as they manufacture all of their range, quality being one of the most important feature as well as health and wellbeing. Bargaining Power of Buyers Buyers on the food market have high power as there is a large range of probiotic drinks, therefore competitors will be offering similar products and prices. Buyers will go to the store that offers a lower price. Everyone needs food on a daily basis; the number of buyers involves everyone. Lifeway could introduced their latest ranges created recently which could lead to product differentiation in regards to other probiotic drink, these approach could lead to a decrease in the bargaining power of buyers. The cost of switching from one brand to another is very low; usually there is more than one probiotic drink on the shelf of supermarkets. New trends have pushed buyers to purchase their goods online. Bargaining Power of Suppliers In this particular case the business is considering expanding to Turkey, suppliers will have less power. Lifeway is attempting to gain competitive advantage by cheaper outsourcing; a search for best suppliers in Turkey should result in a good deal. Suppliers in Turkey will want to secure a contract with a company with Lifeways profile. However at the present Lifeway is only intending to export their goods to Turkey. Lifeway is the countrys leading manufacturer of Kefir, these represents a main advantage as the organization enjoys the benefits of economies of scale in the home country. Pest Analysis In view of Lifeway new environment (Turkey), the PEST analysis is a critical analytical tool for evaluating a countrys strengths and weaknesses. It focuses on political, economical, social and technological factors and also helps to develop a broad view of a countrys landscape. Political Factors Turkeys policy is based on liberalisation and free trade and also attempts to create location advantages to attract foreign companies (Datamonitor, 2009). In 2003, the Turkish government introduced the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Law to improve FDI policy. It mainly contains the abolishment of restrictions which leads to an equal treatment of foreign and domestic companies. Furthermore, Turkeys main political goal is to achieve EU membership. This is a major political advantage if the country achieves EU membership, as companies would benefit from EU free trade policies in Turkey. This in turn opens the door to invest easily in other EU member countries for companies based in Turkey. Lifeway is one of the first companies in the dairy sector intending to expand in Turkey. In contrast, there still exists a high political risk in Turkey. According to A.M. Best Company (2009), Turkey seems to be unstable especially focusing on regional, social and governmental aspects. Major reasons for these instabilities are the terrorist groups, who are responsible for a mass of attacks in recent years and the existence of high corruption (Datamonitor, 2009). In addition, the tax system is very unstable according to OECD. The IMF, the World Bank and the investment environment by FIAS (Foreign Investment Advisory Service) have signaled concerns about the complexity of Turkeys tax system. This complexity has been exacerbated by tax policy instability coupled with high and unstable inflation rates (OECD, p.6). These high inflation rates, e.g. 10.4% in 2008 are quite higher than inflations rates of other western European countries (PRS Group, 2010). Generally Turkey indicates a high political risk (CRT-4) which is defined as Relatively unpredictable and nontransparent political, legal and business environment with underdeveloped capital market, stated by AMB (2009, p.4). Hence high political instabilities and risks have an adverse effect on foreign companies like Li feway where it takes time to adapt to the political condition in Turkey. Economic Factors Due to the political instability in Turkey, this has a negative impact on the overall economy. Comparing the GDP growth rate during last year decreased from 9.2% in 2004 to 1.1% in 2008 meaning its economy is in recession (PRS Group, 2010, Country Forecast, p.8). Besides the financial crises above all high inflation and interest rates 6.5 % in 2009 (fxstreet.com) caused this economic downturn. Turkeys economic risk is moderate because it experienced an erratic growth over the last few years due to a weak banking system, large current account deficits, and a lack of structural reforms (AMB, 2009, p.2). It means that although there is the existence of an economic upswing during the last decade but overall economy is still not recovered e.g. imports are still higher than exports. In contrast, plans for the implementation of free trade agreements raise hope among the Turkish population (Datamonitor, 2009). These agreements shall increase the international competitiveness and boost the relationships with foreign countries. In addition to that by starting to act and trade more internationally Turkey could also implement the EU criteria very soon. This would help the company in the future to expand the investment. Social Factors The unemployment rate of 10.4 % in 2008 is obviously caused by the lack of investment in education. Only 34.5 percent complete vocational or higher education which signifies a weak distinct tendency in the range of the service sector (PRS Group, 2010, Country Conditions, p.9). On the contrary primary and secondary sector workforce is about 59% which shows that Turkeys excellence in these two sectors. For further analysis of social and cultural factors of Turkey see section 2.1 on page 2-4. Technological Factors Turkey only spent 0.71% of GDP in 2007 for research and development according to the Federal Statistical Office of Germany (2010). The lack of support in this sector would have an immense negative impact on foreign companies. Particularly the number of patent applications which is a major indicator of rating a countrys development in RD and it was 24.50 per million inhabitants in 2007 (Federal Statistical Office, 2010). Although the Turkish dairy sector is distinctive, its products are still behind the quality of the EU (Reuters, 2009). Equipment and hygiene have fulfilled the recent EU standards but Turkish milk quality can still be considered as low. However established government institutions try to compensate such deficits by giving financial aid to companies and private citizens in the form of subventions and loans for RD projects (PRS Group, 2010, Country Conditions). Additionally there is an appearance of drain brain (Datamonitor, 2009). It means that Turkish academics that are living abroad are coming back to their native country, recognising the potential of Turkey becoming an EU member. Thus foreign companies like Lifeway with the intention of expanding could profit by future trends. DIFFERENT MARKET ENTRY MODES There are four major market entry types which will be analysed and evaluated in order to make a decision that which market entry Lifeway should choose for Turkey. Licensing Licensing is a contractual transaction in which the firm-the licensor-offers some proprietary assets to a foreign company-the licensee-in exchange for royalty fees (Kotabe, 2008, p.293). For instance, a company is allowed to use the technology, know-how or even a whole product itself of another company against payment of so-called royalty fees. Licensing does not need investing capital and is especially used by small companies which are looking for a fast and easy access to a foreign country (Kotabe, 2008). Lifeway could for example save transportation costs and tariffs and invest them in other branches. This is an easiest way of investing where there is no financial risk involved, no risk of product or performance failure. By licensing, the company would get its profits (royalty fees) and it would also benefit the Turkish government and national suppliers. In contrast licensing may result in a firms giving away valuable technological know-how to a potential competitor (Hill, 1999, p.202). Lifeway loses its competitive advantage by sharing knowledge of producing the different kind of flavours that are very popular among the US. Adopting technology could improve the partners business and lead from co-operation to competition. Additionally, Licensing does not give a firm the tight control over manufacturing, marketing, and strategy in a foreign country that may be required to maximize its profitability according to Hill (1999, p.202). Lifeways brand name might become weak with the possibility of losing the license as a result domestic companies could gain success. Strategic Alliances Strategic alliances are cooperative agreements between two or more firms from different countries to participate in business activities, as stated by Parboteeah Cullen (2011, p.161). Lifeway especially focuses on the International Joint Venture (IJV) which is the most common form of strategic alliance. International joint ventures bring together otherwise independent firms to share resources in product design, production, marketing, and/or distribution (Chan et al., 2007). The company can gain the knowledge and the know-how of similar companies which could improve Lifeways Kefir. Lifeway could obtain the possibility to share its losses and it will reduce its amount of investment in Turkey (Kotabe, 2008). Additionally, by cooperating with a domestic Turkish company Lifeway can fit its Kefir to the peoples taste. Consequently additional costs for introducing and adoption can be reduce and Lifeway could get an insight of how to avoid cultural misunderstandings (Kotabe, 2008). However at the same time cultural misunderstandings might appear within the alliance, especially when it comes to controlling the company, see Hofstede (section 2.1, p.2). Furthermore, Lifeway might lose its competitive advantage of developing and creation which made it unique in the US by sharing know-how and technology (Kotabe, 2008). Like it is said before that the Turkish dairy industry is behind the EU standard in the development of equipment and technology. Gaining the same knowledge as Lifeway, competitive companies in Turkey could conquer the European market and further expansion in Europe could result in increasing the competition. Evidently this would lead to a disadvantage for Lifeway. Foreign Direct Investment Parboteeah Cullen states a Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) occurs when, a multinational company owns, in part or in whole, an operation in another country (2011, p.161). Investing in manufacturing or RD (research development) facilities that are made or bought in foreign countries can be considered as FDIs, for example. Turkeys strong FDI policy is especially attractive to foreign companies because of its market potential, geographic proximity, and low labor costs (Deichmann et al., 2003, p.1771). This type of market entry potentially leads to higher profits in the early expansion of the company because it also avoids transportation costs. Lifeway can even save more money, in virtue of prevention of double taxation agreement between Turkey and the US (worldwide-tax, 2008). In Turkey huge proportion of the workforce works within the primary and secondary sector because of the low education this provides low cost labour making Turkey even more attractive (Turkish Embassy, 2008 PRS Group, 2010, Country Conditions). However based on the low quality production of milk in Turkey Lifeways brand image could be damaged resulting in the production of the low quality of Kefir (AgriPolicy, 2009). (Paliwoda, 1997 p.154) described his point of view for FDI as, a wholly owned subsidiary is slow to achieve, expensive to maintain and slow also to yield any tangible results. Lifeway that just developed during the last few years the decision of such a risky market entry might be too early on the evidence of a country which is still characterised by uncertainties, instabilities and insecurities. A high risk is also applicable to the acceptance of the product among the population. Furthermore, there is a huge cultural difference in the society as well as in a business context. Therefore it is difficult for Lifeway to adjust quickly into the local way of doing business, see Hofstedes cultural dimensions (section 2.1, p.2). Hence its not in the interest of the company to choose this market entry. Export According to (Hill, 1999, p.201) export can be defined as, producing goods at home and shipping them to the receiving country for sale. There are two major forms of export: direct and indirect export (Kotabe, 2008). In direct exporting, a company will appoint an internal team that is responsible for exports by trading goods or services with a foreign middleman. While indirect exporting is when a company will sell its goods or services through some other domestic companies, so-called intermediaries (Kotabe, 2008). Some major advantages could be attained by direct or indirect exporting. This type of market penetration is easiest and cost effective (Kotabe, 2008). Firstly, Lifeway doesnt have to invest in production facilities such as building factory, warehouse, overhead costs and also labour costs etc. Lifeway, which is considered as an SME having small amount of equity (as compare to large MNCs) would want to have minimum financial risk. Secondly, time is an important factor, exporting makes it possible to get an immediate market access (Kotabe, 2008). Especially entering in a Turkish market which might experience an upswing in the near future, it should be realised that the company could profit from new regulations and subventions. In contrast, exporting is unprofitable because of the existence of high transportation costs, tariffs and trade barriers (Hill, 1999). The Turkish government intervened to protect and support domestic companies of the dairy sector by demanding high tariffs for importing dairy products (Export.By, 2010). Products like Lifeway Kefir can be produced in almost any location because of a low value-to-weight ratio (Hill, 1999, p.201202). As a result it can be said that the demand of Lifeway Kefir in Turkey may not be equal to other diary producing companies in Turkey. Benefits of direct exporting would be to avoid information asymmetries because Lifeway would be still responsible for major orders and dispositions (Parboteeah Cullen, 2011). Furthermore direct exporting is connected with higher sales potential and profit as compare to indirect exporting. However indirect exporting causes less committing errors. New environment, culture and language barriers could be avoided by this market entry mode or at least reduced (Kotabe, 2008). Therefore, it is decided that Lifeway should pursue indirect exporting for market penetration in Turkey. This is because of various reasons such as Lifeway is relatively a small company with limited finances, the product is a simple and standardised hence no need for training and after sale support and also Turkish culture is very different than Lifeways business culture which is American, according to Hofstede (see section 2.1 on p.2-4). The company would achieve foreign market presence in less time at low cost and also with the passage of time increase market knowledge and reduce psychic distance (cultural differences). This would increase companys prospects of investing further in the country. Conclusion After critically analysing Turkish strategic environment, it is suggested that exporting is the best suited form of market entry for Lifeway. The company is a relatively small and medium size enterprise and is only locally based in U.S.A. hence essentially it would have limited finances as compare to other large global companies. Finance is the biggest asset that any company holds thus cost effectiveness is the one of the fundamental strategic principles in businesses. Exporting could be viewed as the quickest and most cost effective form of market expansion. It doesnt require complex activities and Lifeway could focus its efforts mainly on the marketing area to attract the new target market in Turkey for its Kefir products. It should also be considered that the desire of Turkeys inclusion into EU makes it a safer choice as it complies with the laws and regulations of EU countries than others in the Far East. Although there are some drawbacks of exporting for example, high tariffs, transportation costs and trade barriers. Nevertheless looking at Lifeways context and comparing the disadvantages of other market entry modes it is clear that exporting is the easiest and most cost effective form of expansion. Subsequently the company could invest further and make strategic alliance as a joint venture with the local popular branding company upon success in Turkey. With the passage of time and depending on Lifeways success the best form of investment would be having a production unit in Turkey. This would also be very beneficial for the company if Turkey becomes EU member. It would open the doors for Lifeway to easily expand and penetrate into EU market. Even if Lifeway doesnt get the best responses from exporting, it would not be a disaster. Since the company would have taken minimum financial risk in expanding into foreign market. It would be a good learning experience for Lifeway. Whenever business environment becomes viable the company could strategise again and correct the mistakes.

Dream of a Lost Friend Essay

How does Duffy powerfully portray the experience of losing a friend in ‘Dream of a Lost Friend’? In this poem, Duffy explores how the tragic loss of a close friend affects the mourner, and powerfully portrays the implications of their death using imagery, structure and emotive language. She touches upon each of the 5 stages of grief and bereavement, and conveys the psychological process of each of these: Denial, Anger, Guilt, Depression and Acceptance. Denial is the first stage of grief, in which the mourner refuses to believe that their loss is a reality. Duffy is effective in portraying how this makes the experience of losing a friend so powerful, as she shows Firstly, the title suggests that Duffy refuses to accept her friend’s death, as she refers to her as ‘lost’, suggesting that like the word lost connotes, the deceased may have a chance of being found again. Duffy constantly refers to oxymorons and opposites through the poem such as ‘prayers to Chemistry.’ This suggests again a hysteric confusion over her death, which clash, and reveals her contrasting thoughts which could reflect her trying to accept this death whilst still denying it. Duffy also searches for ‘found’, the opposite to the lost in the title, but she never mentions it, as if no amount of other opposites will help her find the opposite of this death. Duffy also conveys the notion of denial through the sentence, ‘it’s only a dream†¦only a bad dream.’ This repetition of the motif of dreaming shows an obsession with the idea of this death being part of a dream. Dreams have connotations of peace and happiness, as if she is convincing herself that her friend is experiencing some escapism from the pain of her disease, as Duffy wants to believe that this is for the best. As dreams are from the lexicon of sleep, it is as if she wants to prove that she will wake up. That this is just a brief period of detachment from the world before she comes back, ascertaining the truth that denial is a major part of bereavement. The repetition of ‘it’s only a dream’ becomes like a mantra, which is a technique used to ‘create transformation’, as Duffy tries convince herself. A mantra is also reminiscent of childhood, like a playground rhyme. This proves that these emotions stir up a sense of being lost, and returning to a time of innocence and comfort, when accepting becomes too difficult, the mourner morphs into their childhood self. This sense of being lost could also refer to the poem title, as it could be  applicable to the mourner as well, as they are too a ‘lost friend.’ This idea of being one and the same as the deceased suggests that still consider themselves as equal, living entities, and that death does not separate them. Duffy also explains the process of denial through the chosen structure for the poem juxtaposing the journey of grief. With grief, you start with a strong sense of denial and conclude the worst of the immediate mourning with acceptance of their death. However, this poem starts with the personal pronoun of ‘you’ and travels through each other party/person before reaching ‘you’ once more. Duffy starts the first stanza with ‘You’, the second with ‘We’, the next with the idea of ‘Them’, then ‘I’ and finally ‘You.’ This proves that through Duffy’s structure, she shows the powerful experience of grief, and shows that she always puts her friend first, then their time together. Her bitter memories of those who don’t understand are soon swept away by the thought of herself and how important her friend was to her, concluding with ‘You.’ This could be interpreted to show that Duffy is stating that she never really completed the journey of bereavement, but is instead stuck in a cyclical roundabout that always comes back to the thought of her friend. This shows how she mentally is determined to bring her back, but the fact that this journey is incessantly recurring proves that this will never happen. The next stage of bereavement is Anger. Carol Ann Duffy expresses her anger in the third stanza and emphatically emphasises the powerful effect this has as one repercussion of losing a friend. She shows how death can make you turn against those closest to you. She almost implies ‘Some of our best friends nurture a virus, an idle, charmed, purposeful enemy, and it dreams they are dead already.’ This suggests that Duffy makes dichotomy between herself and her friend against the outside world, including their other friends. The word ‘our’ is placed first, as if to re-connect the bond between Duffy and the deceased, and so Duffy joins forces with the deceased against the world, as if they are to blame. Then the second half of the sentence starts with ‘they’, as if ‘they’ should always come second, and are to blame. The use of these pronouns separates them into two groups, and implies that Duffy is angry at the rest of the world for taking away her friend.

Multimedia Design †iOS vs. Android Essay

iOS ‘i’ stands for ‘Internet’. The term â€Å"iOS† was originally known as â€Å"iPhone OS† and was introduced in 2007 along with the first iPhone hardware device Apple released. It was the term used to describe the software that would operate the iPhone and is derived from the term â€Å"OS X†, which is how Apple describes its â€Å"operating system† for its Macintosh computers. The â€Å"X† stands for 10 which is the newest version of the computer software Apple created to operate the desktop and laptop computers they design. The â€Å"iOS† platform is a mobile-device-based software system that works like a computer system, but on mobile devices like portable phones. It is designed to be smaller, faster and use less power. It also has a â€Å"touch† friendly user interface so it works better when a finger is used to interface with the system instead of a mouse or stylus that has been used in the past to interact with operating systems. The iPhone has run on iOS si nce its release in 2007. Designed for use with Apple’s multi-touch devices, iOS supports input through direct manipulation. The system responds to various user gestures, such as pinching, tapping and swiping. Other iOS features include: Integrated search support enables simultaneous search through files, media, applications and email. Gesture recognition supports, for example, shaking the device to undo the most recent action. Google Maps direction services. Push email. Safari mobile browser. Integrated camera and video. Integrated media player. Direct access to the Apple Store’s catalogue of applications, music, podcasts, television shows and movies. Compatibility with Apple’s cloud service, iCloud. History 2007: iPhone OS 1 Revealed alongside the original iPhone in January 2007, the first Apple  smartphone operating system was not given a specific name until the following March, with the launch of the first Software Development Kit beta., when it became known as iPhone OS. The first iPhone could not support 3G, the copy and paste function, email attachments or MMS – and couldn’t run third party apps. Further updates included the introduction of the iTunes Music Store, allowing users to purchase music directly onto their phones (through a Wi-Fi connection) for the first time, and the ability to create their own ringtones. 2008: iPhone OS 2 Coinciding with the launch of the iPhone 3G, the second major update to the operating system saw the launch of the App Store, leading to the introduction of third party apps and games. Full support for Microsoft Exchange and the option to wipe your phone in the event of failing to enter your passcode were other new features, the latter being added in a subsequent update. Google Street View was enabled with the 2.2 update, featuring walking, driving and public transport options. 2009: iPhone OS 3 With the third incarnation for the new 3GS handset, the cut, copy and paste function finally became commonplace, alongside the long-awaited push notifications for third party apps. Video recording, MMS (multimedia messaging service) and voice control were also added, and users were given the chance to purchase films, TV shows and audiobooks through iTunes. Spotlight search enabled more comprehensive search through email, contacts, calendar, notes and within music, and the new voice memo function facilitated the recording and storing of audio notes. Purchasing within apps was also introduced, but only within paid-for apps. The 3.2 version contained a raft of improvements designed for use with the newly released iPad. While not supporting general multitasking, it was made to accommodate the differing resolution of a larger screen than the iPhone, as well as revamping apps specifically for the new platform. 2010: iOS 4 Introduced on June 21 2010, iOS 4 was the first operating system to bear the iOS name, released on the new flagship iPhone 4. Its folder system accommodated the storing of up to 12 similar apps within one mother folder,  while multitasking allowed apps to run simultaneously, such as writing an email while listening to Spotify, and navigation apps continuing to track your location in the background. iBooks, Apple’s ebook-reading software, and its parent iBookstore was introduced, and the improved 5MP iPhone 4 camera was complemented by ‘tap to focus’ software and 5x digital zoom. The device’s new front-facing camera also facilitated video calling feature FaceTime. 2011: iOS 5 2011 saw the launch of the iPhone 4S and with it, iOS 5. The main new feature was Siri, Apple’s voice-activated virtual assistant that had previously been downloadable from the App Store as a third party app. Now integrated into the OS, Siri now communicated with other apps to make calls, check emails and transcribe text. Containing more than 200 new features, iOS 5 heralded the arrival of iOS user messaging system iMessage, Twitter integration across a range of apps and online storage facility iCloud, replacing previous system MobileMe. 2012: iOS 6 Tim Cook took to the stage at Apple’s 2012 WorldWide Developers’ Conference shocked fans by announcing that Google Maps would not feature in latest incarnation iOS 6, and would be replaced by the company’s own inbuilt Maps app. Siri also received a makeover, featuring restaurant recommendations, the ability to dictate tweets or Facebook statuses and film reviews. A year after Twitter integration into Apple’s native apps, Facebook was added to the fold, and Apple launched its answer to Google Wallet, Passbook, will collated tickets, boarding passes and coupons within the single app. 2013: iOS 7 iOS 7 marked a radical aesthetic departure for Apple, masterminded by Sir Jony Ive, and debuted on the twin release of the iPhones 5s and 5c. The new ‘flattened’ and pared-back user interface drew praise and criticism in equal measures. The single-swipe control centre feature allowed users to quickly access key settings such as WiFi, Airplane mode, Bluetooth and the newly-introduced torch without having to delve into the Settings menu. Siri was upgraded to both male and female voices, and redesigned to understand French and German. Other changes included a new camera interface with a  square photo mode, full multitasking for all apps and new wallpapers. 2014: iOS 8 Announced at the 2014 WWDC conference in June, iOS 8 will feature new frameworks HealthKit and HomeKit, integrating apps to track health data and the standardisation of controlling internet-enabled home appliances. It is expected to ship on the iPhone 6, which Apple is believed to be preparing to announce at next week’s ‘special event’ in San Francisco. Other new features include being able to sent audio and video messages by holding down a record button while inside the Messages app, new predictive typing feature QuickType and the new and improved file hosting service iCloud Drive. Features With an easy-to-use interface, amazing features and security at its core, iOS 8 is the foundation of iPhone, iPad and iPod touch. It’s designed to look beautiful and work beautifully, so even the simplest tasks are more engaging. And because iOS 8 is engineered to take full advantage of the advanced technologies built into Apple hardware, your devices are always years ahead — from day one to day whenever. Elegant and intuitive interface From the moment you pick up iPhone, iPad or iPod touch, you know how to use it. That’s because iOS was designed to be easy to understand. The simple-yet-beautiful Home screen invites you to discover each of the built-in apps. So straight away, you’re browsing your favourite websites, capturing a few candids or texting your friends. And no matter what you’re doing or what app you’re using, everything feels easy, intuitive and even fun. Built-in features and apps that make your device — and you — more capable iOS and an ever-expanding collection of features and built-in apps make iPhone, iPad and iPod touch even more powerful, innovative and a joy to use. 1. Photos – Every photo you take is ready to edit and share in seconds, straight from your iOS device. And you can search for your favourite photos by time, location and album, or browse by Collections and Moments — smart groupings of your photos and videos based on time and plac e. 2. Messages – Messages lets you send any kind of message, any way you want to send it. Tap to add your voice to a conversation. Send a video of what you’re seeing the  moment you’re seeing it. And now you can manage your group conversations by naming them, adding and removing contacts, muting them or leaving them altogether. 3. Music – When it comes to your music, this is home base. Create playlists for every mood. Or let Genius do it for you. 4. Maps – Apple-designed from the ground up (and the sky down), this built-in app shows you incredible detail — even at full zoom. Maps keeps street names where they belong and keeps you heading in the right direction with spoken turn-by-turn navigation. 5. Face Time – With a tap, you can make video calls or audio-only calls from your iPhone or iPad to someone else’s. And you can do it over Wi-Fi or cellular networks. So you can be there, even when you’re not there. 6. Safari – It’s the world’s most popular mobile browser. Safari puts the focus where it should be: the web. When you open a web page, the address and navigation bars move out of the way until you need them. B ookmarks are easy to add and edit, and features like Reading List, Shared Links and iCloud Tabs let you get to the content you need when you need it. 7. AirDrop – Sharing with AirDrop is faster and more convenient than an email or a text, especially when the person you want to share with isn’t in your Contacts. Just tap to send photos, videos, contacts — and anything else from any app with a Share button — to anyone nearby who’s also running iOS 8 or OS X Yosemite. 8. Health – Now your activity tracker, heart rate monitor, and other health and fitness apps can talk to each other. Which means they’ll be able to work even harder for you. And all the information is accessible in one easy-to-read dashboard. 9. AirPlay – AirPlay lets you wirelessly stream what’s on your iOS device to your HDTV and speakers via Apple TV. Or mirror exactly what’s on your display to the big screen. Holiday photos, blockbusters, the latest games — you choose how to go large. Hardware and software made for each other. Because Apple makes both the hardware and the operating system for iPad, iPhone and iPod touch, everything is designed to work together. So apps take full advantage of hardware features such as the dual-core processor, accelerated graphics, wireless antennas and more. Multitasking is a perfect example. iOS learns when you like to use your apps and updates the content in them at power-efficient times, like when your device is already in use and connected to Wi-Fi. So the content in your favourite apps stays up to  date without a major drain on your battery. With the App Store, there’s almost no limit to what your iOS device can do. iOS is the platform for well over a million mobile apps — and counting. And every app starts with the right DNA. So we’ve made iOS 8 the biggest release for developers since the introduction of the App Store. It offers new APIs to enable even more amazing features and bold new technologies for game development. And the App Store makes all of these apps easy to access, easy to search and easy to buy using the same account you use for iTunes. Just browse the App Store on your iOS device and download them with a tap. iCloud. Everything you need. Anywhere you need it. iCloud makes sure all your devices always have the latest versions of your most important things, including documents, apps, contacts, calendar events and more. iCloud Drive lets you access all your files from any device. With Family Sharing, all your photos, videos, music and iTunes purchases can be shared easily with your family across multiple Apple devices. Find My iPhone helps you locate your lost iPhone, iPad, iPod touch or Mac. And iCloud Keychain securely remembers your user names, passwords and credit card information so you don’t have to. Easy to update. iOS updates are free. And they’re available to download wirelessly on your iPhone, iPad or iPod touch the moment they’re released. Your device even alerts you when it’s time to get the latest version. So you won’t miss out on all the amazing features in new updates. Safety and security come standard. iOS provides built-in security from the moment you turn on your device. That’s because the hardware, firmware and operating system come with built-in features designed to help your device — and what you put on it — stay safe. 1. Security. Malware and viruses aren’t confined to desktops anymore. They can infect mobile devices too. Which is why Apple takes security seriously when it comes to iOS. For starters, hardware and firmware features are designed to protect against malware and viruses, while iOS features help to secure your  personal information. Touch ID lets you use your fingerprint as a passcode, preventing unauthorised access to your device. When you use a passcode, it automatically encrypts and protects your email, calendar events, contacts, reminders, notes, messages and third-party apps. 2. Privacy. iOS is designed to put your privacy first. If an app wants your location information or data from Calendar, Contacts, Reminders or Photos, it needs your permission first. And you have complete control of how Health and HealthKit use your data. Your conversations over iMessage and FaceTime are encrypted, including predictive text. So no-one but you and the person you’re talking to can see or read what’s being said. And features built into Safari give you the ability to browse privately, block cookies and prevent websites from tracking you. 3. Find My iPhone Activation Lock. Your iPhone is your iPhone, no matter where it is. The same goes for your iPad and iPod touch. Because security features in iOS make it very difficult for anyone who’s not you to use or sell your device. Turning off Find My iPhone or erasing your device requires your Apple ID and password. Find My iPhone can also continue to display a customised message, even after your device is erased. And your Apple ID and password are required before anyone can reactivate it. 4. iCloud Keychain. Most of the websites you visit nowadays require user names and passwords. Remembering them all can be tough, but you can let iCloud Keychain do it for you. It stores your website user names and passwords on the devices you’ve approved, protects them with robust 256-bit AES encryption and keeps them up to date on each device. Then it automatically fills them in whenever and wherever you need them. Password Generator can even suggest unique, hard-to-guess passwords for your online accounts. iCloud Keychain works with credit card information too, so checking out takes no time at all. Accessibility built in. iOS includes a variety of accessibility features that help people with disabilities experience more of what iPhone, iPad and iPod touch have to  offer. The built-in VoiceOver screen reader allows those who are blind or have low vision to hear a description of the item they’re touching on the screen. Made for iPhone Hearing Aids are Bluetooth devices that allow you to experience clearer phone conversations and music, and you can manage them directly from your iOS device. With Guided Access, you can restrict an iOS device to one app, and even limit the amount of time spent in an app. Which can be helpful to people with autism or other attention and sensory challenges. And Switch Control gives individuals with limited physical or motor skills complete control of their device through switch access. iOS also offers many other beneficial accessibility features, such as dynamic screen magnification, playback of closed-captioned video, mono audio, simplified screen gestures and more . iOS knows many languages. iPhone, iPad and iPod touch support keyboard and dictionary functions for multiple languages and dialects. Switch languages on the fly.  iOS lets you take your pick of over 35 system languages and easily switch between them. Because the keyboard is software-based, you can select from over 55 different layouts with support for diacritic marks on characters, and contextual character options for Japanese. VoiceOver reads screens in more than 35 languages, and Voice Control understands over 20 languages. Advantages 1. Camera – Camera Shoot in burst mode, only click on capture and then press volume button You can take Picture continuously. 2. Multitasking – The phone has multitasking features. User can running two or more Apps at a same time. 3. Airdrop – You can do sharing of document and Apps with the desktop by Wi-Fi. You can share document at a time with multiple people. 4. iBeacon – iBeacon facility is newly added in iOS7. The sharing of document and Apps by the sensor via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). 5. Automatic Update – The iOS 7 update regularly with their application. It also has manually update options. 6. High Speed – The iOS 7 has provide high speed to idevises . 7. Kids Categories – The iOS 7 has children and parents according applications. The new features has a new part of the App Store. 8. Automatic Backgrounds Refresh – In iOS 7 Background refresh regularly get refresh. And it refresh its All application. 9. Out of the way interfaces – User can make interface  with friends by different ways. 10. Delete Clutter – iOS 7 has delete Clutter and textures automatic. By this facility iOS 7 is safe with any Malware. Android Introducing Android. The world’s most powerful mobile platform. There’s no other software quite like Android. Google engineered Android, and Google’s own apps run best on it. And with millions of apps, games, songs, and videos on Google Play, Android is great for fun, and for getting things done. Android devices come in all kinds of sizes, with all sorts of features, and at all sorts of prices. Each version of Android is named after a dessert, and the most recent version of Android is Jelly Bean. With Android, you’re in control of your mobile experience. Android powers hundreds of millions of mobile devices in more than 190 countries around the world. It’s the largest installed base of any mobile platform and growing fast—every day another million users power up their Android devices for the first time and start looking for apps, games, and other digital content. Android gives you a world-class platform for creating apps and games for Android users everywhere, as well as an open marketplace for distributing to them instantly. History V1.0- Marked the first commercial release of Android. At this time it was not widely available but had many new features that were important and still used today. These included Android Market for application upates and for new Applications Web Browser for full XTML/HTML web browsing. Google Apps full set of app by Google(Mail,SMS,Maps etc.) V1.1- This was a update to 1.0 that had many bug fixes and added a few features such as a Maps update. It was only available for ther T-Mobile G1. V1.5 or Cupcake was released in April 2009. It had several new approvements. Among the new features were Widgets for embedded small apps Contacts improvements including the pictures added to ever contact Animations for smooth scrolling and screen changes Bluetooth support update for audio pairing and sharing V1.6 or Donut was released in September of 2009 and had many improvements Voice and Text Improvements Touch Screen improvements Multi select for photos Camera access improvements and faster access Search Option for faster access V2.0/2.0.1/2.1 or Eclair was released in Oct 2009 and had several improvements and looks remarkably similar to today’s Android versions. Bluetooth 2.1 support Hardware and U.I. improvements Calendar improvements for date and not settings Account Sync improvements allow user to sync cultivable account on one phone Multi Touch improvements to allow better multitouch support Screen size and contrast improvements. Include bigger screens and better contrast ratios Android 2.2/2.2.1/2.2.2/2.2.3 or Frozen Yogurt (Froyo) was released May of 2010 and improved on many features. There were many key features in this version of Android including Adobe Flash support for rich web content Speed and memory improvements Cloud messaging support USB tethering Multi Language support Bluetooth dock and car support WiFi hotspots support JIT Compilation for application speed improvements 2.3/2.3./2.3.3./2.3.4 or Gingerbread was released in December of 2010 and as of the time of this writing has become the most widely used Android version. Some of the new features included U.I. or Interface improvements gave it a more simple but quicker interface Virtual Keyboard updated and improved for  a better and faster layout. copy/paste enhancements where a user could just press and hold New Codec support for more audio/video formats Power Management enhancements gyroscope/barometers support input enhancements for game developers V 3.0/3.1/3.2 or Honeycomb was released in Feb of 2011 and was a tablet(and later Google TV) only release. Some of its features included Holographic interface that was optimized for a tablet U.I. Improved keyboard support for larger screens Multi Core processor support Hardware acceleration for faster hardware view gallery in full screen interface System bar for better multitasking that allows you to switch from one app to another. Resizable home screen widgets(3.1+) external keyboard/mouse support (3.1+) FLAC audio codec support (3.1+) Android 4.0/4.01 was first released in Oct 2011 and was a major improvment upon both 2.x and 3.x. It blended both interfaces and had full support for both phones and tablets. Some of the notable features included Folder system improvements making easier to create. Launcher improved to be customizable Tabbed Browsing improved to allow up to 16 tabs facial recognition support to locking/unlocking phone photo editor built in to Android 4.x Android Beam support to share contacts and files Chrome Bookmark sync support Wi-Fi direct support to connect with other users without access point User Interface hardware acceleration for faster access. Android 4.1 Android Jellybean saw full release in early 2012 and improved on Android 4.0 in many ways. It took the common features of Android 4.0 and made it more fluid. Some features include: Browser has improved performance, CPU and memory efficiency Full HTML 5 support to bring Android up to new web standards Calendar is improved and has features blend with one another bidirectional text means more input languages to make the platform accessible to more people around the world. dictionaries are now more accurate and more relevant A update to Android 4.1 is now available. It is still counted as Jellybean but updated to new features that include: Photo Sphere allows you to use take 360 degree pictures among other new camara features Gesture Typing let’s you type much faster but takes some getting used to but can make typing much faster. Google Now updated with new features Android 5.0 Key Lime Pie rumored to be the next version of Android. Global partnerships and large installed base Building on the contributions of the open-source Linux community and more than 300 hardware, software, and carrier partners, Android has rapidly become the fastest-growing mobile OS. Every day more than 1 million new Android devices are activated worldwide. Android’s openness has made it a favorite for consumers and developers alike, driving strong growth in app consumption. Android users download more than 1.5 billion apps and games from Google Play each month. With its partners, Android is continuously pushing the boundaries of hardware and software forward to bring new capabilities to users and developers. For developers, Android innovation lets you build powerful, differentiated applications that use the latest mobile technologies. Powerful development framework Easily optimize a single binary for phones, tablets, and other devices. Android gives you everything you need to build best-in-class app experiences. It gives you a single application model that lets you deploy your apps broadly to hundreds of millions of users across a wide range of devices—from phones to tablets and beyond. Android also gives you tools for creating apps that look great and take advantage of the hardware capabilities available on each device. It automatically adapts your UI to  look its best on each device, while giving you as much control as you want over your UI on different device types. For example, you can create a single app binary that’s optimized for both phone and tablet form factors. You declare your UI in lightweight sets of XML resources, one set for parts of the UI that are common to all form factors and other sets for optimzations specific to phones or tablets. At runtime, Android applies the correct resource sets based on its screen size, density, locale, and so on. To help you develop efficiently, the Android Developer Tools offer a full Java IDE with advanced features for developing, debugging, and packaging Android apps. Using the IDE, you can develop on any available Android device or create virtual devices that emulate any hardware configuration. Open marketplace for distributing your apps Google Play is the premier marketplace for selling and distributing Android apps. When you publish an app on Google Play, you reach the huge installed base of Android. As an open marketplace, Google Play puts you in control of how you sell your products. You can publish whenever you want, as often as you want, and to the customers you want. You can distribute broadly to all markets and devices or focus on specific segments, devices, or ranges of hardware capabilities. You can monetize in the way that works best for your business—priced or free, with in-app products or subscriptions—for highest engagement and revenues. You also have complete control of the pricing for your apps and in-app products and can set or change prices in any supported currency at any time. Beyond growing your customer base, Google Play helps you build visibility and engagement across your apps and brand. As your apps rise in popularity, Google Play gives them higher placement in weekly â€Å"top† charts and rankings, and for the best apps promotional slots in curated collections. Preinstalled on hundreds of millions of Android devices around the world, Google Play can be a growth engine for your business. Features Take Google with you. Take Google with you on your mobile device: all the Google products you know and love, designed to work best on Android phones and tablets. Search the web The fastest, easiest way to find what you need on the web and your phone or tablet. Enjoy the power of Google search wherever you are. With Google Now, get just the right information at just the right time. Browse fast on your Android phone or tablet with Chrome. Bring your personalized Chrome experience with you anywhere you go. Navigate your World Never get lost as you go to new places and old favorites. Get voice-guided turn-by-turn GPS navigation to your destination, powerful local search with full place reviews and summaries from Zagat editors, detailed maps with 3D buildings, live traffic information and more with Google Maps for Android. Connect & Share Stay connected and share epic moments as they happen. Start a group video chat on the go with up to nine people at once with Google+ Hangouts, and never lose another mobile photo with Instant Upload. Be entertained Get all your apps & entertainment in one place. Google Play brings you the world’s largest collection of eBooks, millions of songs, thousands of movies and TV shows, and a growing selection of magazines – plus over 600,000 apps and games. With Google Play, you can now read, listen and watch anywhere you want — on your tablet, phone, or on the web at play.google.com — no wires, no syncing and no storage costs. YouTube puts millions of videos at your fingertips, available on the go wherever you are. Create & Collaborate Google Drive gives you one place to create, share, collaborate and keep your stuff, accessible on all your devices. With Gmail, get smarter email wherever you are, integrated with contacts and apps on your Android phone or tablet. Your stuff, always available, no wires needed. When you sign in to your phone or tablet with Google, you can access all of your Google stuff (contacts, photos, Gmail and more) quickly and easily. You can also enjoy all of your favorite entertainment across your Android devices and even your computer — no wires, no syncing. Play everywhere you go. Google Play is the easiest way to enjoy all your favorites: more than 700,000 apps and games, millions of songs, thousands of movies and TV shows, the world’s largest collection of eBooks, and a growing selection of magazines. With Google Play, there’s no wires, no hassle, just pure entertainment. You can now read, listen and watch anywhere you want—on your tablet, phone, or in any browser at play.google.com. Powerful, simple, and beautiful Millions of people use Android because it’s so powerful yet still so easy. The home screen, apps, and widgets are simple to use right out of the box, but completely customizable. With Android, you can create a unique mobile experience that’s just right for you. Widgets – Put the important stuff right within reach and interact with your favorite apps directly from your home screen with widgets — see the latest sport scores, view your favorite photos, check the weather or peek at your inbox all without having to open different apps or leave the home screen. Notifications – An easy-to-read notification tray gives you quick access to your calls, incoming texts, and new emails in a non-intrusive way. Multi-tasking – With Android, you can quickly and seamlessly switch between apps and pick up whatever you were doing. Juggling multiple tasks at once on a mobile device has never been easier. Voice typing and actions – Control your Android device with your voice. Simply touch the microphone on the keyboard and start talking to write emails, SMS, or any other text — more than 30 languages supported. Text appears in real time, so there’s no waiting. Photos and videos – Capture special moments with great photos and videos, explore your shots and quickly share your favorites in any way that you want.